Istanbul is characterized as having a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, according to the updated Köppen-Geiger classification system. However, due to its vast size as you can see in map of istanbul, diverse topography, and maritime location, Istanbul exhibits microclimates. Northern parts of the city express characteristics of an oceanic climate because of humidity from the Black Sea and the relatively high concentration of vegetation. The climate in the populated areas of Istanbul in the south is warmer and less affected by humidity.

 

As expected for a city of its size, Istanbul has a diverse industrial economy, producing commodities as varied as olive oil, tobacco, transport vehicles, and electronics (see map of istanbul). Despite having a focus on high-value-added work, its low-value-added manufacturing sector is substantial, representing just 26 percent of Istanbul GDP, but four fifths of the city total exports.

 

The most established universities in Istanbul are backed by the government, the city has a number of prominent private institutions (see map of istanbul). The first modern private university in Istanbul was Robert College, founded by a group from the United States in 1863. The tertiary school at Robert College is now the public Boğaziçi University, while the remaining portion in Arnavutköy continues as a boarding school under the name Robert College.

 

Istanbul sports prowess is known across Turkey for being home to the country oldest—and, by some measures, most successful (see the map of Istanbul)—sports clubs. Beşiktaş J.K., established in 1903, is considered the oldest of these sports clubs; due to its initial status as Turkey only club, it occasionally played as the national team.